Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), located in the northwestern region of Pakistan, is a province renowned for its breathtaking landscapes, rich history, and vibrant culture. Bordered by Afghanistan to the west, KP is a gateway to the historic Khyber Pass and a land steeped in ancient traditions and heroic tales. The province is home to some of Pakistan’s most stunning natural beauty.
Geographic Coordinates
- Coordinates: 34.00°N 71.32°E
General Information
- Country: Pakistan
- Established (as NWFP): 9 November 1901
- Provincial Status: 1935
- Accession to Pakistan: July / August 1947
- Merged into West Pakistan: 1955
- Restoration: 1 July 1971
- Name Changed: 2010
- FATA Merger: May 2018
- Capital and Largest City: Peshawar
Government Type
- Type: Self-governing province subject to the federal government
- Body: Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- Governor: Faisal Karim Kundi
- Chief Minister: Ali Amin Gandapur
- Chief Secretary: Nadeem Aslam Chaudhry
- Legislature: Provincial Assembly
- High Court: Peshawar High Court
Area
- Total: 101,741 km² (39,282 sq mi)
- Rank: 4th
Population (2023 Census)
- Total: 40,856,097
- Rank: 3rd
- Density: 402/km² (1,040/sq mi)
GDP (Nominal)
- Total (2022): $38 billion (3rd)
GDP (PPP)
- Total (2022): $152 billion (3rd)
Time Zone and Communication
- Time Zone: UTC+05:00 (PKT)
- Area Code: 9291
- ISO 3166 Code: PK-KP
Languages
- Official: English, Urdu
- Provincial: Pashto
- Others: Hindko, Khowar, Kohistani, Saraiki
Sports
- Notable Sports Teams:
- Swat River
- Bab-e-Khyber
- Mahabat Khan Mosque
- Kalam Valley
- Bahrain
- Lake Saiful Muluk
- Kaghan Valley
Human Development
- HDI (2019): 0.529 (Low)
- Literacy Rate (2020): 56.1%
Political Representation
- Seats in National Assembly: 65
- Seats in Provincial Assembly: 145
Administrative Divisions
- Divisions: 7
- Districts: 38
- Tehsils: 105
- Union Councils: 986
Website
- Website: kp.gov.pk
Basic Overview
Geographic and Demographic Profile
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), formerly known as the North West Frontier Province (NWFP), is one of Pakistan’s four provinces. Geographically located in the northwestern part of the country, it is the fourth-largest province by land area and the third-largest by population. KP is bordered by Balochistan to the south, Punjab to the southeast, Gilgit-Baltistan to the north and northeast, the Islamabad Capital Territory to the east, and Azad Kashmir to the northeast. It also shares an international border with Afghanistan to the west.
The province’s landscape is highly diverse, featuring rugged mountain ranges, fertile valleys, plains surrounded by hills, and extensive agricultural areas. Despite being geographically the smallest province in Pakistan, KP is home to 17.9 percent of the country’s total population.
Ethnic Composition
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a multiethnic province with a rich cultural tapestry. The major ethnic groups include the Pashtuns, who are the largest group, followed by the Hindkowans, Saraikis, and Chitralis. This diversity contributes to the province’s unique cultural and social dynamics.
Historical Significance
Historically, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was a stronghold of Buddhism and was part of the ancient Gandhara region. The ruins of Gandhara’s capital, Pushkalavati, are located near modern-day Charsadda, highlighting the province’s rich historical heritage. Over the centuries, KP has been a focal point for invasions and conflicts due to its proximity to the Khyber Pass, a crucial gateway for empires and invaders entering the Indian subcontinent.
Renaming and Constitutional Amendments
The province was originally known as the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), a name it retained until April 2010. The name “Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” was adopted following the 18th Constitutional Amendment, reflecting the region’s ethnic and cultural identity. In May 2018, another significant change occurred when the National Assembly of Pakistan passed the 25th Constitutional Amendment. This amendment merged the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and the Provincially Administered Tribal Areas into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Provincial Assembly of KP approved this merger on 28 May 2018, and it was signed into law by then-President Mamnoon Hussain on 31 May 2018, officially completing the administrative integration of these areas into the province.
Etymology
Meaning of the Name
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, meaning “the Khyber side of the land of the Pashtuns,” is derived from the combination of “Pakhtunkhwa,” which translates to “Land of the Pashtuns,” and “Khyber,” a reference to the famous Khyber Pass that connects Pakistan to Afghanistan. Some scholars also interpret “Pakhtunkhwa” as referring to “Pashtun culture and society.”
Historical Names and Proposals
Throughout its history, the province has been known by various names. Some of the names used or proposed include:
- Gandhara: Reflecting the region’s ancient history as a center of Buddhist culture.
- Afghania, Pashtunistan, Pathanistan: Names emphasizing the Pashtun ethnic identity.
- Sarhad: An Urdu term meaning “frontier.”
- Abaseen: A name derived from the Pashto name for the Indus River.
- Khyber: Named after the Khyber Pass, a significant historical route.
- Hazara-Pakhtunkhwa: A name proposed to reflect both the Hazara and Pashtun regions of the province.
British Colonial Period: North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)
When the British established the province in 1901, they named it “North West Frontier Province” (NWFP) due to its location in the northwest of the British Indian Empire. This name persisted after Pakistan’s independence in 1947. The province was also unofficially known as “Sarhad” in Urdu, a term that means “frontier.”
Efforts to Change the Name
For much of the 20th century, there were efforts to rename the province to reflect its Pashtun identity. The first proposal, “Afghania,” was suggested by leaders of the Muslim League in 1933 and was intended to represent the “a” in “Pakistan.” However, the name change did not occur, and the province continued to be known as NWFP.
20th Century Name Change Efforts
In the late 20th century, President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq considered changing the province’s name to “Pashtunistan,” but the term had become controversial due to its association with Afghan nationalism. Ghaffar Khan, a prominent Pashtun leader, suggested the name “Pakhtunkhwa,” but Zia-ul-Haq sought an alternative. The name “Pakhtunkhwa” was eventually approved by the provincial assembly in 1997, but it faced opposition from the Pakistan Muslim League (N), which proposed alternative names such as “Khyber” or “Abasin.”
21st Century Name Change Efforts
The push to rename the province gained momentum in the early 21st century. In May 2008, the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) proposed changing the province’s name to “Pakhtunkhwa” to accommodate the demands of the Pashtun-majority Awami National Party (ANP). However, the Pakistan Muslim League (N) opposed the change, citing concerns from the Hindko-speaking Hazara community in the province.
Adoption of the Name “Khyber Pakhtunkhwa”
In early 2010, the renaming process advanced, and the Pakistani Senate confirmed the name change to “Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” as part of the 18th Constitutional Amendment. The name was officially adopted on 15 April 2010, with a unanimous vote in the Senate.
Renaming Controversy
The name change sparked strong opposition, particularly in the Hazara region, where protests erupted against the inclusion of “Pakhtunkhwa” in the province’s name. The protests turned violent, leading to the deaths of seven protesters in Abbottabad on 10 April 2010. The incident highlighted the deep ethnic and identity issues within the province.
Alternative Names Proposed
Several alternative names were proposed to address the concerns of different ethnic groups within the province. These included:
- Gandhara: Gandhara was an ancient kingdom and a major center of Buddhist culture, particularly during the Kushan Empire. The name “Gandhara” reflects the region’s rich history and its significance as a crossroads of cultural exchange between South Asia and Central Asia.
- Hazara-Pakhtunkhwa: This name was proposed to address the ethnic diversity within the province, particularly the concerns of the Hindko-speaking Hazara community, who felt marginalized by the name “Pakhtunkhwa.”
- Abaseen: “Abaseen” is the Pashto name for the Indus River, a major geographical feature of the region. The name reflects the importance of the river in the province’s history, economy, and culture.
- Khyber: Named after the Khyber Pass, one of the most famous mountain passes in the world, “Khyber” has been a key route for trade and invasions throughout history, connecting South Asia with Central Asia.
Despite the controversy, the name “Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” remains in use today, reflecting both the province’s Pashtun heritage and its geographical significance.
History
Early History
During the Indus Valley Civilization (circa 3300 BCE – 1700 BCE), the Khyber Pass served as a crucial trade route connecting the region with neighboring empires. Merchants utilized this passage for trade excursions. From around 1500 BCE, Indo-Iranian groups began migrating into the region from Central Asia, having traversed the Khyber Pass.
The area known as Gandhara, which largely corresponds to modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is prominently featured in ancient texts such as the Rigveda (c. 1500 – c. 1200 BCE) and the Zoroastrian Avesta. Gandhara is described in the Avesta as Vaēkərəta, noted as one of the most beautiful places created by Ahura Mazda. Gandhara was one of the 16 Mahajanapadas of the Vedic era and played a significant role in Vedic and later forms of Hinduism. It is mentioned in the Rigveda, Ramayana, and Mahabharata, and was the homeland of Gandhari, the princess of the Gandhara Kingdom.
Alexander’s Conquests
In the spring of 327 BCE, Alexander the Great crossed the Hindu Kush and advanced towards Nicaea, where he allied with Omphis, the king of Taxila. Alexander sent part of his force through the Kabul River valley while he himself moved into Bajaur and Swat with his light troops. His general Craterus was tasked with fortifying and repopulating Arigaion in Bajaur, which had been deserted. After defeating the Aspasians, Alexander took numerous prisoners and oxen, and subsequently laid siege to Massaga, Ora, and Bazira. The inhabitants of Bazira retreated to the rock of Aornos, but Alexander managed to capture it after fierce resistance.
Mauryan Rule
The Mauryan Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya, succeeded the Nanda Empire. After Alexander’s general Seleucus attempted to reconquer regions of Alexander’s empire, he was defeated and ceded territories including Gandhara to the Mauryans in exchange for a marriage alliance and 500 elephants. Chandragupta’s son Bindusara expanded the empire, but it was Chandragupta’s grandson Ashoka who made Buddhism the state religion in Gandhara and Pakhli (modern Hazara). This was evidenced by Ashoka’s rock inscriptions at Shahbazgarhi and Mansehra.
Indo-Greek Period
The Indo-Greek king Menander I (reigned 155–130 BCE) expelled the Greco-Bactrians from Gandhara and the Hindu Kush. His empire fragmented after his reign, with the last known Greek ruler being Theodamas from Bajaur, who appeared on a 1st-century CE signet ring. This period saw a blend of Hellenistic and South Asian artistic, mythological, and religious elements.
Indo-Scythian Kingdom
The Indo-Scythians, descendants of the Scythians, migrated from Central Asia into South Asia from the 2nd to 1st centuries BCE. They displaced the Indo-Greeks and established a kingdom stretching from Gandhara to Mathura. Maues was the first Indo-Scythian king to conquer Indo-Greek territories. The Saka rulers’ influence waned following their defeat by Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire in the 4th century.
Indo-Parthian Kingdom
The Indo-Parthian Kingdom, ruled by the Gondopharid dynasty, began with Gondophares. The Gondopharid kings held Taxila as their residence but shifted their capital to Kabul and Peshawar towards the end of their rule. Despite being influenced by the Arsacid dynasty, the Gondopharids were part of a broader group of Iranian tribes east of Parthia.
Kushan Empire
The Kushan Empire emerged after the Yuezhi nomads drove the Sakas from Central Asia. Kadphises I, the Kushan leader, expanded into the Kabul valley. His successors, including Kanishka, ruled over territories extending from Benares to Bactria and the Kabul valley. This era saw the creation of notable Buddhist art in Gandhara and Udyana. Under Kanishka and his successors, the Kushan Empire flourished but eventually declined.
Shahi Dynasties
The Turk Shahis ruled Gandhara until 870 CE, when they were succeeded by the Hindu Shahis. The Hindu Shahis, believed to be from the Uḍi/Oḍi tribe or possibly Brahmins or Kshatriyas, saw their kingdom reach its peak under Jayapala. Jayapala’s conflicts with the Ghaznavids, including his invasions of Ghazni, led to the gradual loss of territory. His successors, including Anandapala, faced continued challenges from the Ghaznavids and eventually retreated to the Kashmir Siwalik Hills.
Ghaznavids
Mahmud of Ghazni conquered parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and raided the Pashtuns between 1024 and 1025 CE. His rule continued until 1179 CE when Muhammad of Ghor captured Peshawar, incorporating it into the Ghurid Empire.
Delhi Sultanate
After the Ghurid invasion, the Delhi Sultanate was ruled by five dynasties sequentially: the Mamluk (1206–1290), Khalji (1290–1320), Tughlaq (1320–1414), Sayyid (1414–1451), and Lodi (1451–1526). During this period, the Pashtuns established themselves in the region south of Kohat. By the 15th century, Yusufzai tribes began migrating into the Peshawar Valley, displacing earlier tribes.
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire’s influence in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa began with Babar’s invasion in 1505 CE, marking the importance of the region for the Mughals. Despite initial setbacks, Babar captured Peshawar in 1526 after defeating the Lodis. The region experienced resistance from the Yusufzai and Afridi tribes. Aurangzeb’s Mughal rule faced significant challenges, including tribal revolts and disruptions in trade routes.
In 1738, Nader Shah of the Afsharid dynasty captured Peshawar during the Persian invasion.
Durrani Empire
Ahmad Shah Durrani founded the Durrani Empire in 1749 after the Mughal ruler ceded territories to him. Ahmad Shah’s reign saw the expansion of his empire into Kashmir and Punjab, with Peshawar serving as a key location. Despite interruptions by the Marathas, Durrani rule was re-established. Timur Shah Durrani continued Mughal practices of using Kabul as a summer capital and Peshawar as a winter capital.
Mahmud Shah Durrani’s reign included significant events such as diplomatic meetings with the British in 1809 and conflicts with his half-brother Shah Shujah, leading to Mahmud Shah’s second reign.
Sikh Empire
Ranjit Singh captured Peshawar in 1818 from the Durrani Empire. Although initially paying nominal tribute to local rulers, the Sikh Empire later established direct control over the region. The Sikhs faced resistance from local leaders and tribes, including significant battles such as the Battle of Jamrud in 1837.
British Raj
The British East India Company defeated the Sikhs in 1849, incorporating parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa into the Punjab Province. Despite some resistance, notably from the Wazir tribes and during the Mutiny of 1857, British control was generally accepted. The British demarcated the Durand Line in 1893, defining the boundary with Afghanistan. The region remained a point of contention and resistance until the early 20th century, culminating in the formation of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) in 1901, which was renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2010. The NWFP saw efforts towards development, including infrastructure projects and public works.
During the independence period, there were significant political movements, including those led by secular Pashtun leaders like Bacha Khan, who advocated for joining India or establishing an independent Pashtun state rather than joining Pakistan.
Geography
Northern Parts and Mountainous Terrain
The northern region of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is characterized by its rugged terrain, featuring dramatic mountain landscapes and extensive forests, as seen in the Swat District. The province is primarily situated on the Iranian plateau, where the slopes of the Hindu Kush mountains converge with the Indus-watered hills of South Asia. This geographical junction has historically contributed to seismic activity in the area. The famous Khyber Pass, a critical route linking the province to Afghanistan, and the Kohalla Bridge in Circle Bakote, Abbottabad, which crosses the Jhelum River, are notable geographical landmarks.
Geographic Zones
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa can be divided into two main geographic zones:
- Northern Zone:
- Climate: This area experiences cold, snowy winters with substantial rainfall and pleasant summers. The Peshawar basin, however, is characterized by hotter summers and colder winters with moderate rainfall.
- Features: The northern zone extends from the Hindu Kush ranges to the Peshawar basin, featuring snow-capped peaks and lush green valleys with significant tourism potential.
- Southern Zone:
- Climate: The southern zone is generally arid with hot summers and relatively cold winters, receiving limited rainfall.
- Features: The Sheikh Badin Hills, a range of clay and sandstone hills, separates the Dera Ismail Khan District from the Marwat plains of Lakki Marwat. The Sheikh Badin Mountain, the highest peak in this range, is protected by Sheikh Badin National Park. Near the Indus River, the Kafir Kot hills, a spur of limestone hills, contain the ancient Hindu complex of Kafir Kot.
The province is traversed by several major rivers including: Kabul, Swat, Chitral, Kunar, Siran, Panjkora, Bara, Kurram, Dor, Haroo, Gomal and Zhob.
These rivers contribute to the province’s rich natural resources and provide essential water sources for agriculture and other uses.
Climate
Variation in Climate
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s climate varies significantly due to its diverse topography and latitude range of nearly six degrees from north to south. This region includes a range of climate types:
Dera Ismail Khan Known for its extreme heat, Dera Ismail Khan is among the hottest places in South Asia. Winters can be cold with occasional frosts, while summers are extremely hot with temperatures reaching up to 50°C (122°F).
Northern Mountains Winters in the mountainous areas are intensely cold with significant snowfall, while summers are mild.
Precipitation Patterns
- Upper and Lower Chitral Districts: These districts experience minimal monsoon influence due to their location relative to Central Asia. Winters are cold with heavy snow, while summers can be quite hot. Precipitation in this region is mostly in the form of thunderstorms or snow, and the climate ranges from Mediterranean to semi-arid.
- Central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: The southern slopes, particularly in Dir and Hazara, receive more rainfall due to moist winds from the Arabian Sea. Annual rainfall ranges from 500 mm to 1,750 mm in areas like Abbottabad and Mansehra. This region features a humid subtropical climate at lower elevations and a humid continental climate at higher elevations.
- Southern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: This area transitions from the humid subtropical climate of the foothills to the arid climate typical of Sindh, Balochistan, and southern Punjab. Annual rainfall is generally less than 400 mm, with some areas receiving as little as 200 mm.
National Parks
Pakistan is home to around 29 national parks, showcasing a diverse range of wildlife and natural landscapes. Among these, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa hosts seven national parks, each dedicated to preserving the region’s unique environment and wildlife. Here’s details of National Parks in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa:
life:
- Ayubia National Park (Abbottabad District, established in 1984, 3,122 hectares) is known for its dense forests and wildlife, including the Indian leopard, Leopard cat, and various species of civets and pheasants.
- Chitral Gol National Park (Lower Chitral District, established in 1984, 7,750 hectares) serves as a sanctuary for the endangered Markhor, along with Snow leopards, Persian leopards, and Himalayan brown bears.
- Broghil Valley National Park (Upper Chitral District, area of 134,744 hectares) features a remote, high-altitude landscape that supports species like the Siberian ibex, Himalayan musk deer, and Long-tailed marmot.
- Sheikh Badin National Park (Dera Ismail Khan District, established in 1999, 15,540 hectares) offers protection to species like the Persian leopard, Indian wolf, Bengal fox, and Urial, among others.
- Saiful Muluk National Park (Mansehra District, established in 2003, 12,026 hectares) is centered around the famous Saiful Muluk Lake and is home to species such as the Himalayan black bear, Siberian ibex, and Cheer pheasant.
- Lulusar-Dudipatsar National Park (Mansehra District, established in 2003, 75,058 hectares) is known for its stunning lakes and diverse wildlife, including the Persian leopard, Himalayan black bear, and Western tragopan.
- Ghamot National Park (Neelum Valley, area unknown) is a lesser-known but equally important park that offers a sanctuary for various species in a tranquil and untouched natural environment.
These national parks play a crucial role in conserving Pakistan’s natural beauty and biodiversity, providing protected areas where flora and fauna can thrive undisturbed.
Demographics
Historical Population Growth
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) has experienced significant demographic changes over the past century. The population trends are as follows:
- 1868: The population was recorded at 1,713,596.
- 1881: The population increased by 14.1% to reach 1,955,515.
- 1891: There was a further increase of 16.7%, bringing the population to 2,281,708.
- 1901: The population slightly declined by 6.8%, totaling 2,125,480.
- 1911: A sharp increase of 79.7% was observed, with the population reaching 3,819,027.
- 1921: The population continued to grow, increasing by 32.9% to 5,076,476.
- 1931: A slight decline of 7.7% was recorded, with the population at 4,684,364.
- 1941: The population increased by 15.6% to 5,415,666.
- 1951: The population saw a modest growth of 8.7%, reaching 5,888,550.
- 1961: A significant increase of 28.7% brought the population to 7,578,186.
- 1972: The population grew by 43.6%, reaching 10,879,781.
- 1981: A further increase of 21.9% was observed, with the population reaching 13,259,875.
- 1998: The population saw a substantial increase of 57.8%, totaling 20,919,976.
- 2017: The population grew by 69.7%, reaching 35,501,964.
- 2023: The population was recorded at 40,856,097, an increase of 15.1% from 2017.
According to the 2023 Census of Pakistan, the current population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is approximately 40.9 million. Notably, over 85% of this population resides in rural areas.
Ethnic Composition
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is predominantly inhabited by Pashtuns, who have historically lived in the region for centuries. Pashtuns make up the largest ethnic group in the province. However, it is estimated that nearly a third of the population is composed of non-Pashtun groups, primarily Gujjars and Awans.
The province is also home to approximately 1.5 million Afghan refugees, most of whom are Pashtuns, followed by smaller groups such as Tajiks, Hazaras, and Gujjars. Despite living in KP for over two decades, these refugees are registered as citizens of Afghanistan.
The Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa adhere to a tribal code of conduct known as Pashtunwali. This code emphasizes four core values: nang (honor), badal (revenge), melmastiya (hospitality), and nanawatai (right to refuge).
Language
According to the 2023 census, the most widely spoken language in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is Pashto, which is the native language of 81% of the population. Other significant languages include:
- Hindko: Spoken by 9.39% of the population, mainly in the Hazara division in the northeast.
- Saraiki: Spoken by 3.17% of the population, primarily in the Dera Ismail Khan district in the south.
- Kohistani languages: Account for 2.45% of the population and include several languages spoken in the northern regions, such as Indus Kohistani, Bateri, Chilisso, Gawri, Gawro, Torwali, and Mankiyali.
- Other Languages: These account for 3.11% of the population and primarily include Khowar and Kalasha, spoken in the mountainous northwest Chitral.
Urdu, as the national and official language of Pakistan, serves as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communication in the province. In some communities, Pashto and Urdu are learned as second or third languages. In 2011, the provincial government approved the introduction of Pashto, Saraiki, Hindko, Khowar, and Kohistani as compulsory subjects in schools within their respective regions.
Religious Composition
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is predominantly Sunni Muslim, with the vast majority of the population adhering to this branch of Islam. However, there is a significant Shia Muslim community in areas such as Kurram, Kohat, Hangu, Orakzai, Dera Ismail Khan, and Mardan, among other districts in central and southern KP. In addition to Twelver Shias, Ismailis are present in the Chitral district.
The Kalasha people, residing in southern Chitral, practice an ancient form of polytheism mixed with animism. This faith was once widespread in the mountainous regions of the district. Additionally, small communities of Roman Catholics, Hindus, and Sikhs reside mainly in urban centers like Peshawar.
Religious Composition Over Time
The religious composition of KP has evolved over the years:
- 1881-1931: Islam remained the dominant religion, with its followers increasing from 91.4% to 91.84% of the population. Other religions, including Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity, and smaller faiths, gradually decreased in percentage over this period.
- 1941-2023: The proportion of Muslims continued to grow, reaching 99.62% by 2023. The percentage of followers of other religions, such as Hinduism, Sikhism, Christianity, and others, declined significantly during this period.
Villages
A notable village in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is Kalāla, which is representative of the many rural communities that make up the province. These villages are integral to the province’s demographic and cultural landscape, contributing to its rich diversity.
Government and Politics
Political Structure
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) has a dynamic political landscape characterized by shifting alliances and changing party dominance. The province is administratively divided into seven divisions: Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Hazara, Kohat, Malakand, Mardan, and Peshawar, which are further subdivided into 36 districts.
Legislative Branch
- Provincial Assembly: KP’s Provincial Assembly is unicameral, consisting of 145 members elected for five-year terms. Historically, the province has been a stronghold of the Awami National Party (ANP), a left-wing, nationalist party with pro-communist leanings. The Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), with its socialist agenda, also held considerable influence.
- Shifts in Political Power:
- In the 2002 general elections, the province witnessed a shift towards religious conservatism with the victory of the Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA), an Islamist coalition led by Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan (JeI). The MMA’s policies included enforcing strict Shariah law, although full implementation was blocked by the Governor of KP.
- In the 2008 elections, the MMA was replaced by the ANP, which led efforts to reverse many of the Islamist policies. However, by 2013, the political landscape shifted towards populism and nationalism, with the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) emerging as the dominant party in coalition with JeI.
- The PTI further strengthened its position in the 2018 elections, forming a majority government.
- Non-Pashtun Areas: In non-Pashtun regions like Abbottabad and Hazara Division, the center-right Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) enjoys significant support, particularly on economic and public policy issues.
Executive Branch
- Chief Minister: The Chief Minister of KP is elected by the Provincial Assembly and leads the executive branch. The Chief Minister appoints the provincial cabinet, which assists in governance.
- Governor: The Governor of KP is a ceremonial figure representing the federal government and is appointed by the President of Pakistan on the advice of the Prime Minister.
Judicial Branch
- Peshawar High Court: The highest judicial authority in KP is the Peshawar High Court, whose judges are appointed by the Supreme Judicial Council in Islamabad. The court interprets laws and can overturn those deemed unconstitutional.
Administrative Divisions and Districts
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is divided into seven divisions, each comprising multiple districts:
- Divisions: Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Hazara, Kohat, Malakand, Mardan, Peshawar.
- Districts: A total of 36 districts, including Abbottabad, Bajaur, Bannu, Charsadda, Dera Ismail Khan, Haripur, Kohat, Mardan, Peshawar, Swat, and more.
Each district has its unique characteristics, contributing to the province’s diverse administrative and cultural landscape.
Major Cities
Peshawar:
Peshawar is the capital and largest city of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. It is the most populous city in the province, accounting for more than one-eighth of the province’s total population. Peshawar serves as the cultural, political, and economic hub of the region. It has a rich history and strategic importance due to its location near the Khyber Pass, a historical trade route connecting Pakistan with Afghanistan and Central Asia.
Other Major Cities:
- Mardan: The second-largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Mardan is an important center for agriculture and industry.
- Mingora (Swat): A key city in the Swat Valley, Mingora is known for its scenic beauty and historical significance.
- Abbottabad: Located in the Hazara region, Abbottabad is famous for its educational institutions and pleasant climate.
- Kohat: An important city in southern KP, Kohat is known for its military significance and the Kohat Tunnel.
- Dera Ismail Khan: A key administrative center in the southern part of the province, known for its agricultural productivity.
- Bannu: Another significant city in southern KP, Bannu is known for its trade and agricultural activities.
Economy
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s Dominance in Forestry:
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has the third-largest provincial economy in Pakistan, contributing around 10% to the country’s GDP. The province plays a dominant role in Pakistan’s forestry sector, historically contributing between 34.9% to 81% of the national forestry output, with an average share of 61.56%. KP also accounts for 20% of Pakistan’s mining output, and its economy has grown by 3.6 times since 1972.
Agriculture and Industry:
Agriculture remains a cornerstone of the province’s economy, with major cash crops including wheat, maize, tobacco (notably in Swabi), rice, and sugar beets. Additionally, various fruits are cultivated across the province. Manufacturing and high-tech investments, particularly in Peshawar, have improved job prospects and reduced unemployment. The province’s bazaars are renowned for their diverse products, and KP accounts for at least 78% of Pakistan’s marble production.
Infrastructure
The Sharmai Hydropower Project is a planned power generation initiative situated on the Panjkora River in the Upper Dir District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. With a projected installed capacity of 150 MW, this project is a key component of the province’s strategy to enhance its energy infrastructure and meet growing electricity demands.
Social Issues
The renaming of the province from “North-West Frontier Province” to “Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” in 2010 was a significant political and cultural event. The name, which translates to “Land of the Pakhtuns,” was proposed by the Awami National Party (ANP) but faced opposition from non-Pashtun communities, particularly in the Hazara region. The new name led to protests and political debates, with some proposing alternative names like “Afghania.”
Non-Government Organisations (NGOs)
Several NGOs operate in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, addressing various social, health, and educational needs. Major NGOs include:
- Al-Khidmat Foundation
- Aurat Foundation
- Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre
- Sarhad Rural Support Programme
- Human Rights Commission of Pakistan
- Frontier Education Foundation
Folk Music and Culture
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a rich tradition of folk music, particularly Pashto and Khowar music. Pashto folk music is characterized by instruments like the rubab, mangey, and harmonium. Khowar folk music, popular in Chitral and northern Swat, uses the Chitrali sitar and has a distinct style. In Chitral, band music composed of clarinets (Surnai) and drums is played at polo matches and other celebrations, a tradition shared with neighboring Northern Areas.
Education
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) has made significant strides in education over the years, though it has historically struggled with low literacy rates. As of the 2017 census, the literacy rate in KP stands at 51.66%, with a noticeable urban-rural divide—48.44% in rural areas compared to 66.86% in urban areas. There’s also a significant gender gap, with male literacy at 66.67% and female literacy at 34.58%.
Educational Institutions:
- Universities:
- University of Peshawar: Established as a prominent institution in the province.
- Islamia College University: Known for its historical significance and academic contributions.
- University of Chitral: Offers education in various disciplines for the Chitral region.
- Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology: Renowned for its engineering and technology programs.
Public Medical Colleges:
- Khyber Medical University, Peshawar
- Bannu Medical College, Bannu
- Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar
- Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad
- Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan
- Gajju Khan Medical College, Swabi
- Gomal Medical College, D.I.Khan
- Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera
- Saidu Medical College, Swat
Engineering Universities:
- CECOS University of Information Technology and Emerging Sciences, Peshawar
- National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) – College of Aeronautical Engineering, Risalpur Campus
- COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad Campus
- City University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar
- Gandhara Institute of Science & Technology, Peshawar
- Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and Technology, Topi-Swabi
- Iqra University Peshawar
- University of Engineering & Technology (UET), Peshawar (Multiple Campuses)
Major Educational Establishments:
- Cadet College Razmak, North Waziristan
- Abbottabad Public School, Abbottabad
- Army Burn Hall College, Abbottabad
- Cadet College Kohat, Kohat
- Edwardes College, Peshawar
- Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan
- University of Agriculture, Peshawar
- University of Malakand, Chakdara
- Khushal Khan Khattak University, Karak
- IMSciences, Peshawar
- Khyber Medical University, Peshawar
- Khyber Girls Medical College, Peshawar
- Khyber Medical College, Peshawar
Sports
Cricket is the most popular sport in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, producing notable players such as Shahid Afridi, Younis Khan, Khushdil Shah, Fakhar Zaman, Naseem Shah, and Umar Gul. The province is also renowned for its squash players, including legends like Hashim Khan, Qamar Zaman, Jahangir Khan, and Jansher Khan.
Tourism
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) offers a range of attractions for tourists, blending historical sites, cultural landmarks, and natural beauty. Here are some highlights:
- Mahabat Khan Mosque, Peshawar: An iconic example of Mughal architecture, this mosque is renowned for its elegant design and historical significance.
- Bala Hissar Fort, Peshawar: A historic fort with a rich history, it has served as a military and administrative center over the centuries and offers panoramic views of the city.
- Ayubia National Park: Located in Abbottabad District, this park is known for its scenic beauty and diverse wildlife, including the Indian leopard and Himalayan pheasants.
- Chitral Gol National Park: Situated in Lower Chitral District, it is home to the markhor, snow leopard, and Persian leopard, offering stunning mountainous landscapes.
- Broghil Valley National Park: In Upper Chitral District, this remote park features unique wildlife such as the Siberian ibex and Himalayan musk deer.
These sites highlight KP’s rich natural and cultural heritage, attracting visitors interested in history, wildlife, and scenic beauty.