Sindh Province
Sindh, the second-largest province of Pakistan, is a region steeped in history, culture, and economic vitality. Situated in the southeastern part of the country, it is home to the bustling metropolis of Karachi, the nation’s financial hub and a vibrant port city. Sindh is renowned for its rich heritage, dating back to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, with archaeological sites like Mohenjo-Daro showcasing its historical significance.
Geographic Coordinates
- Coordinates: 26°21′N 68°51′E
General Information
- Country: Pakistan
- Established: 1 July 1970
- Before was: Part of West Pakistan
- Capital and largest city: Karachi
Government Type
- Type: Self-governing province subject to the federal government
- Body: Government of Sindh
- Governor: Kamran Tessori
- Chief Minister: Murad Ali Shah
- Chief Secretary: Dr. Fakhre Alam (BPS-22 PAS)
- Legislature: Provincial Assembly
- High Court: Sindh High Court
Area
- Total: 140,914 km² (54,407 sq mi)
- Rank: 3rd
Population (2023 Census)
- Total: 55,696,147
- Rank: 2nd
- Density: 395/km² (1,020/sq mi)
- Demonym: Sindhi
GDP (Nominal)
- Total: $86 billion (2nd)
- Per Capita: $1,997 (3rd)
GDP (PPP)
- Total: $345 billion (2nd)
- Per Capita: $7,209 (3rd)
Time Zone and Communication
- Time Zone: UTC+05:00 (PKT)
- ISO 3166 Code: PK-SD
Languages
- Official: English, Sindhi, Urdu
- Others: Pashto, Punjabi, Saraiki, Balochi, Hindko
Sports
- Notable Sports Teams:
- Sindh cricket team
- Karachi Kings
- Karachi United
- Hyderabad Hawks
- Karachi Dolphins
- Karachi Zebras
Human Development
- HDI (2021): 0.517 (Low)
- Literacy Rate (2020): 61.8%
Political Representation
- Seats in National Assembly: 75
- Seats in Provincial Assembly: 168
Administrative Divisions
- Divisions: 6
- Districts: 30
- Tehsils: 138
- Union Councils: 1,108
Website
- Website: sindh.gov.pk
Sindh Overview
Sindh, located in southeastern Pakistan, is the country’s third-largest province by land area and the second-largest by population. It is bordered by Balochistan to the west and northwest, Punjab to the north, and shares an international border with the Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east. The Arabian Sea lies to its south, providing Sindh with a significant coastline. The province’s landscape features alluvial plains along the Indus River, the Thar Desert in the east, and the Kirthar Mountains in the west.
Sindh’s economy is the second-largest in Pakistan, driven by its capital, Karachi, which is the most populous city in the country and a major financial hub. The province is industrially significant, housing two of Pakistan’s busiest seaports, Port Qasim and the Port of Karachi. Agriculture also plays a vital role in Sindh’s economy, with the province producing a substantial amount of fruits, vegetables, and consumer goods for the country.
Historically, Sindh is known as the “Gateway of Islam” in the Indian subcontinent, being one of the first regions to embrace Islamic rule. Its culture is deeply rooted in Sufism, which influences both Hindu and Muslim communities. The province is also notable for its Bronze Age history, being the site of the ancient Indus Valley civilization. Sindh is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: the Makli Necropolis and Mohenjo-daro, both significant to the region’s rich cultural and historical heritage.
Etymology
Origin of the Name “Sindh”
The name “Sindh” is deeply rooted in the ancient history of the region. It originates from the Sanskrit word “Sindhu,” which translates to “river.” This term specifically referred to the Indus River, a significant geographical feature that has played a crucial role in the development and sustenance of civilizations in the area.
Greek Influence
When Alexander the Great invaded the region in 325 BCE, his Greek forces referred to the Indus River as “Indós,” a term that would later evolve into the modern name “Indus.” The Greeks used this term not only for the river but also for the surrounding lands. This nomenclature was one of the earliest Western references to the region.
Modern Usage and Official Spelling
Historically, the name “Sind” was commonly used, spelled as “سند” in Perso-Arabic script. However, in 1988, the Sindh Assembly passed an amendment to officially change the spelling to “Sindh” in English. This change aimed to better reflect the province’s historical and cultural identity, aligning it more closely with its Persian and Sanskrit roots.
History of Sindh
Ancient Era
Mohenjo-daro
Sindh and its surrounding regions are integral to the legacy of the Indus Valley Civilization. Among its most prominent archaeological sites is Mohenjo-daro, which dates back to around 2500 BCE. As one of the largest settlements of the Indus Civilization, Mohenjo-daro was known for its advanced urban planning. It featured standardized fired brick construction, a grid-like street layout, and sophisticated drainage systems, including covered sewerage. These characteristics placed Mohenjo-daro among the earliest major cities in human history, alongside contemporaneous civilizations such as ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Minoan Crete, and Caral-Supe.
The city was abandoned around the 19th century BCE due to a decline in the Indus Valley Civilization, likely caused by a gradual drying of the region’s climate, which reduced water supplies and contributed to the collapse of urban centers. Mohenjo-daro was rediscovered in the 1920s, and subsequent excavations revealed its historical significance. Designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980, the site currently faces threats from erosion and challenges related to improper restoration.
Bronze Age
During the Bronze Age, the region known today as Sindh was part of a larger territory called Sindhu-Sauvīra. This area covered the lower Indus Valley, with its southern boundary at the Indian Ocean and its northern limit near Multān in the Punjab region. The capital of Sindhu-Sauvīra was Roruka, which later evolved into the medieval city of Arohṛ and the modern-day Rohṛī.
The Achaemenid Empire later established control over this region, incorporating it into the satrapy of Hindush. The exact boundaries of Hindush are debated, with some scholars placing it in the lower and central Indus basin (modern-day Sindh and southern Punjab), while others suggest it may have been located in the Punjab region. Achaemenid control persisted until Alexander the Great’s conquests.
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great’s campaigns extended into Sindh after his conquests in Punjab. He appointed General Peithon as the governor of the region and established a harbor at the city of Patala. Following Alexander’s death, Chandragupta Maurya challenged Alexander’s successor, Seleucus I Nicator, leading to a peace treaty. In this treaty, Seleucus ceded territories west of the Indus River to Chandragupta and received 500 elephants in return.
Post-Mauryan Period
After the fall of the Mauryan Empire around 180 BCE, Sindh came under the rule of the Indo-Greeks, and subsequently, the Indo-Scythians, who established their capital at Minnagara. The Sasanian Empire, starting with Shapur I, also claimed authority over Sindh, which was referred to as Hind in their inscriptions. Local dynasties, including the Rai and Brahmin dynasties, ruled Sindh before the Umayyad Caliphate annexed the region in 712 CE.
Medieval Era
Early Islamic Influence
The early Islamic influence in Sindh began with the Rashidun Caliphate’s invasions in the 7th century CE. The initial encounters included naval expeditions against Thane, Bharuch, and Debal. The results of these raids were mixed, with some victories and defeats. During the Umayyad Caliphate, many Shias sought refuge in Sindh, which was relatively remote and provided a degree of peace.
In 712 CE, Mohammed Bin Qasim’s conquest marked a significant turning point as he defeated the Brahmin dynasty and incorporated Sindh into the Umayyad Caliphate. This marked the beginning of Islam’s presence in the Indian subcontinent.
Habbari Dynasty
The Habbari dynasty established itself in the region from 854 to 1024 CE. Initially semi-independent from the Abbasid Caliphate, the Habbari rulers maintained nominal allegiance to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad. Their rule ended when Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi defeated them in 1026 CE, incorporating Sindh into the Ghaznavid Empire and ending Arab control.
Soomra and Samma Dynasties
The Soomra dynasty ruled Sindh from the early 11th century until the mid-14th century. Their rule was marked by interactions with other regional powers, including the Ghurids and Ghaznavids. Following the Soomras, the Sammas established the Sindh Sultanate. They ruled until the late 15th century when the Turkic Arghuns overthrew them. The Samma period is noted for significant contributions to Indo-Islamic architecture, including the Makli Necropolis in Thatta.
Modern Era
Mughal Period
The Mughal Empire annexed Sindh in the late 16th century under Akbar, who was born in Umerkot in Sindh. Mughal administration in Sindh continued from their provincial capital in Thatta until the early 18th century. In the northern parts of Sindh, the Kalhora dynasty held power, initially based in Khudabad before relocating their capital to Hyderabad in 1768.
Talpur Dynasty
The Talpur dynasty succeeded the Kalhoras in 1783. This Baloch dynasty established four branches, each ruling different regions: Hyderabad (lower Sindh), Khairpur (upper Sindh), Mirpur Khas, and Tando Muhammad Khan. The Talpurs were generally subordinate to the Durrani Empire until their defeat by the British in 1843. The Khairpur branch remained a princely state until it joined Pakistan in October 1947, later becoming part of West Pakistan in 1955.
British Raj
British Conquest
The British annexed Sindh in 1843, with General Charles Napier famously reporting victory with the terse message “Peccavi” (“I have sinned”). The British aimed to consolidate their control and exploit Sindh’s resources for economic gain. Initially incorporated into the Bombay Presidency, Sindh faced administrative challenges due to its distance from Bombay, leading to grievances and considerations of merging it with Punjab. However, opposition from both Sindhi and British officials prevented this consolidation.
Struggle for Administrative Status
By the early 20th century, there was a growing demand for Sindh’s separation from Bombay due to its distinct cultural identity and economic concerns. Sindhi political dynamics were influenced by both Hindu and Muslim communities, with significant involvement in the Khilafat Movement. This movement, advocating for the protection of the Ottoman Caliphate, saw considerable support from Sindhi pirs and contributed to the province’s political landscape.
Despite a history of religious tolerance and syncretism, economic and political tensions led to demands for Sindh’s separation. Sindhi Muslims sought to safeguard their interests against the influence of Bombay’s business interests. By the 1930s, Sindhi Muslim support for the Pakistan Movement grew, leading to the formation of Pakistan in 1947.
Partition (1947)
Partition Experience
During the partition of India in 1947, Sindh experienced comparatively less violence than other regions like Punjab. The province was fully incorporated into Pakistan, with Sindhi Hindus leaving primarily out of fear of persecution rather than direct violence. Many Sindhi Hindus traveled to India via sea routes to ports such as Bombay, Porbandar, Veraval, and Okha. Sindh’s Sufi-influenced culture, known for its religious tolerance, played a role in mitigating the intensity of the partition experience in the province.
Demographics
Demographic Indicators
In Sindh, the urban population constitutes approximately 53.97% of the total population, while the rural population makes up 46.03%. The population growth rate in the province stands at 2.57%. The gender ratio is notably skewed, with approximately 108.76 males for every 100 females. The economically active population, according to older data, is 22.75%.
Population History
The population of Sindh has seen significant changes over the decades. In 1891, the population was 2,875,100. By 1901, it had increased to 3,410,223, marking an 18.6% rise. The population continued to grow over the next decades, reaching 3,737,223 in 1911 and 3,472,508 in 1921. The 1931 census recorded a population of 4,114,253, and by 1941, it had reached 4,840,795.
Post-independence, Sindh’s population saw a considerable increase, with 6,047,748 recorded in 1951 and 8,367,065 in 1961. By 1972, the population had surged to 14,155,909, and by 1981, it had reached 19,028,666. The 1998 census reported a population of 29,991,161, and by 2017, this number had grown to 47,854,510. The most recent census in 2023 indicated a population of 55,696,147, reflecting a 16.4% increase from 2017.
Human Development Index
Sindh ranks second among Pakistan’s provinces in terms of Human Development Index (HDI), with a score of 0.628.
Religion
According to the 2023 census, Islam is the predominant religion in Sindh, with 90% of the population identifying as Muslim. Hinduism follows with 8.8%, Christianity at 0.98%, Ahmadiyya at 0.03%, Sikhism at 0.01%, and Zoroastrianism at less than 0.01%. The “Other” category comprises 0.07% of the population.
Islam has a long history in Sindh, dating back to the capture of Sindh by Muhammad Bin Qasim in 712 CE. Over time, the majority of Sindh’s population converted to Islam, especially in rural areas. The province has a rich Sufi heritage, with numerous Sufi saints and mystics, including the renowned Sufi poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai. The Sufi presence in Sindh is highlighted by the Makli Hill near Thatta, which is said to be the resting place of 125,000 Sufi saints and mystics. The 16th century saw the introduction of two prominent Sufi orders in Sindh: Qadria and Naqshbandia. Sufism continues to be a significant aspect of daily life in the province.
In 1941, the last census before the partition of India, Muslims made up 71.5% of the population of Sindh, while Hindus comprised 26.4%. The remaining population included various other communities. Sindh has the highest percentage of Hindus in Pakistan, accounting for 8.8% of the province’s population. This includes approximately 4.9 million Hindus and 13.3% of the rural population. The Hindu population also includes a significant scheduled caste community, estimated at 1.7% of the total population (3.1% in rural areas). However, these figures are believed to be under-reported, with some scheduled caste members counted under the main Hindu category. The Pakistan Hindu Council estimates that there are around 6.8 million Hindus in Sindh, representing about 14.29% of the province’s population. Umerkot district in the Thar Desert is Pakistan’s only Hindu-majority district, and the Shri Ramapir Temple in Tandoallahyar, which hosts the second largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan, is located in Sindh. Sindh is also unique in Pakistan for having a separate law governing Hindu marriages.
There are approximately 10,000 Sikhs in Sindh, contributing to the province’s religious diversity.
Languages
The 2023 census indicates that Sindhi is the most widely spoken language in Sindh, with 60.14% of the population using it as their first language. Urdu follows with 22.3%, while Pashto is spoken by 5.31%, Punjabi by 4.07%, Balochi by 2.17%, Saraiki by 1.64%, and Hindko by 1.49%. Other languages make up 2.88% of the population.
In addition to these primary languages, Sindh is home to a variety of minority languages, including Kutchi, Gujarati, Aer, Bagri, Bhaya, Brahui, Dhatki, Ghera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jadgali, Jandavra, Jogi, Kabutra, Kachi Koli, Parkari Koli, Wadiyari Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, and Vaghri. Karachi, the largest city in Sindh, is known for its multicultural population and is a major hub for Urdu speakers, among other ethnic groups.
Geography and Nature
Sindh is located in the western corner of South Asia, bordered by the Iranian plateau to the west. It is Pakistan’s third largest province, stretching about 579 kilometers from north to south and 442 kilometers (at its extreme) or 281 kilometers (on average) from east to west. The province covers an area of 140,915 square kilometers.
Geographically, Sindh is divided into three main regions: Siro (Upper Sindh), which is situated north of Sehwan; Vicholo (Middle Sindh), extending from Sehwan to Hyderabad; and Lāṟu (Lower Sindh), which predominantly consists of the Indus Delta south of Hyderabad. The province is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea and Rann of Kutch to the south. The Indus River flows through the center, providing a fertile plain amidst the otherwise arid landscape.
Flora
Sindh’s flora is characterized by its arid environment, with limited vegetation outside the irrigated Indus Valley. In the western hill region, typical trees include the dwarf palm (Acacia Rupestris) and Tecomella undulata. Along the Indus River, the Acacia nilotica is dominant, forming dense forests along the riverbanks. Other common trees include Azadirachta indica (neem), Zizyphys vulgaris (ber), Tamarix orientalis (jujuba), and Capparis aphylla (kirir).
Fruit-bearing trees such as mangoes, date palms, bananas, guavas, oranges, and chikus are prevalent. The coastal strip and creeks support semi-aquatic and aquatic plants, while the Indus delta islands feature forests of Avicennia tomentosa and Ceriops candolleana. Water lilies are abundant in the numerous lakes and ponds, particularly in Lower Sindh.
Fauna
Sindh’s fauna includes a diverse range of species adapted to its semi-arid climate. In the western rocky ranges, one can find Sindh ibex, blackbuck, wild sheep (urial), and wild bears. The leopard is now rare, and the Asiatic cheetah is extinct. The eastern desert region is home to the Pirrang (a large fishing cat), though its population is dwindling. Other animals in the region include deer, striped hyena, jackal, fox, porcupine, common gray mongoose, and hedgehog. The Sindhi phekari, or red lynx, is found in some areas, while hog deer and wild bear are more common in the central inundation belt.
Sindh also hosts a variety of reptiles, including the cobra and Sindh krait. Some unusual sightings of the Asian cheetah have been reported near the Balochistan border in the Kirthar Mountains. The rare houbara bustard is found in Sindh, although it is threatened by hunting. Crocodiles are found only in specific backwaters and are rare.
The province’s national parks, such as Kirthar National Park, cover over 3,000 square kilometers and support species like the Sindh ibex, wild sheep, and black bear, along with occasional sightings of the Sindhi phekari. Efforts are underway to introduce tigers and Asian elephants to the park. The region also sees giant olive ridley turtles laying eggs along the coast between July and November. These turtles are protected, and their eggs are safeguarded by organizations like the Sindh Wildlife Department and WWF.
Climate
Sindh lies in a tropical to subtropical region, characterized by hot summers and mild to warm winters. Temperatures often exceed 46°C (115°F) from May to August, with winter temperatures dropping to around 2°C (36°F) in northern and higher elevation areas. The province receives an average of seven inches of rainfall annually, primarily during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind affects Sindh from mid-February to September, while cool northerly winds prevail from October to January.
Sindh’s climate is influenced by its position between two monsoons—the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast monsoon deflected by the Himalayas. The scarcity of rainfall is offset by the Indus River’s inundation, caused by the melting of Himalayan snow and monsoon rains.
The province is divided into three climatic regions: Siro (upper Sindh), centered on Jacobabad; Vicholo (middle Sindh), from Sehwan to Hyderabad; and Lāṟu (lower Sindh), which includes the Indus Delta. The upper and middle regions experience hot, dry weather, while the lower region has a humid maritime climate.
Major Cities in Sindh
Sindh, one of Pakistan’s four provinces, is home to several major cities that are central to its economic, cultural, and administrative activities. These cities serve as important hubs within their respective districts, each contributing uniquely to the province’s landscape.
- Karachi: Population 21,910,352; Districts include Nazimabad, Orangi, Gulshan, Korangi, Malir, Keamari.
- Hyderabad: Population 1,732,693; Hyderabad District.
- Sukkur: Population 499,900; Sukkur District.
- Larkana: Population 490,508; Larkana District.
- Benazirabad: Population 279,689; Shaheed Benazirabad District.
- Kotri: Population 259,358; Jamshoro District.
- Mirpur Khas: Population 233,916; Mirpur Khas District.
- Shikarpur: Population 195,437; Shikarpur District.
- Jacobabad: Population 191,076; Jacobabad District.
- Khairpur: Population 183,181; Khairpur District.
These cities collectively represent the diverse and dynamic nature of Sindh, playing crucial roles in the province’s overall development and administration. Their populations and geographic locations highlight their importance in both regional and national contexts.
Government of Sindh
Provincial Structure
The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is unicameral and comprises 168 seats, with reserved seats for non-Muslims (5%) and women (17%). Karachi serves as the provincial capital. The provincial government is led by the Chief Minister, who is elected through popular vote, while the Governor acts as a ceremonial representative appointed by the President of Pakistan. The Chief Secretary Sindh, appointed by the Prime Minister, oversees the provincial bureaucracy. Sindh’s political landscape is influenced by major tribes and predominantly supports the left-wing Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), with lesser support for the Pakistan Muslim League (N) due to its center-right agenda.
In metropolitan areas like Karachi and Hyderabad, the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) holds considerable support among Muhajirs. Other leftist parties, such as the People’s Movement, also find support in rural areas.
Divisions of Sindh
In 2008, Sindh’s administrative structure was revised to restore the divisional system, which had been dissolved previously. By July 2011, five divisions were re-established: Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas, and Larkana. A new division, Nawab Shah (Shaheed Benazirabad), was later added. Karachi has been subdivided into six districts, including Karachi East, Karachi West, Karachi Central, Karachi South, Malir, and Korangi. Kemari District was recently created from Karachi West. The Sindh government also plans to divide the Tharparkar district into Tharparkar and Chhachro districts.
Districts of Sindh
Sindh is divided into several districts, each with its own administrative headquarters, area, population, and density. Some notable districts include:
- Badin: Headquarters in Badin, covering 6,470 km² with a population of 1,804,516.
- Dadu: Headquarters in Dadu, covering 8,034 km² with a population of 1,550,266.
- Ghotki: Headquarters in Ghotki, covering 6,506 km² with a population of 1,647,239.
- Hyderabad: Headquarters in Hyderabad, covering 1,022 km² with a population of 2,201,079.
- Karachi Central: Headquarters in Karachi, covering 62 km² with a population of 2,972,639.
- Khairpur: Headquarters in Khairpur, covering 15,925 km² with a population of 2,405,523.
- Larkana: Headquarters in Larkana, covering 1,906 km² with a population of 1,524,391.
- Mirpur Khas: Headquarters in Mirpur Khas, covering 3,319 km² with a population of 1,505,876.
- Sukkur: Headquarters in Sukkur, covering 5,216 km² with a population of 1,487,903.
- Thatta: Headquarters in Thatta, covering 7,705 km² with a population of 979,817.
Lower-Level Subdivisions
In Sindh, administrative subdivisions include talukas (tehsils), supervisory tapas (kanungo circles), tapas (patwar circles), and dehs (mouzas). These subdivisions facilitate local governance and administration.
Towns and Villages
Sindh is also home to various towns and villages, such as Goth Bozo, Kashmir Goth, and Khairo Bhatti, which contribute to the province’s diverse socio-cultural landscape.
Economy
The economy of Sindh is the second-largest among Pakistan’s provinces, significantly influenced by Karachi, the country’s largest city and economic hub. Historically, Sindh’s contribution to Pakistan’s GDP has fluctuated between 30% and 32.7%. Its service sector share has ranged from 21% to 27.8%, while its agricultural sector’s contribution has varied between 21.4% and 27.7%. The manufacturing sector stands out as the strongest, contributing between 36.7% and 46.5% to the province’s economy. Since 1972, Sindh’s GDP has increased by 3.6 times.
With its extensive coastline, Sindh is a pivotal economic center in Pakistan, featuring a diverse economy that includes heavy industry, finance, and agriculture. The province’s industrial base comprises machine products, cement, plastics, and other goods. Agriculture remains a vital sector, with key crops including cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, bananas, and mangoes. The Larkana district is particularly noted for producing high-quality rice.
Sindh is rich in natural resources, particularly gas, petrol, and coal. The Mari Gas Field, one of the largest in Pakistan, is a major natural gas producer, while the Thar coalfield contains significant lignite deposits.
Education
Sindh’s education sector has seen various developments over the decades. The literacy rate has progressed from 60.77% in 1972 to 54.57% in 2017. Educational enrollment data from 1998 highlighted a significant number of students across different levels of education, including below primary, primary, middle, matriculation, intermediate, and higher education.
Major public and private educational institutions in Sindh include:
- University of Karachi
- Aga Khan University
- Institute of Business Administration, Karachi
- Mehran University of Engineering and Technology
- Dow University of Health Sciences
- National University of Sciences and Technology
- Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology
- Sindh Agriculture University
These institutions reflect Sindh’s commitment to advancing education and fostering academic excellence in various fields.
Culture
Sindh’s culture, art, and architectural heritage reflect its rich history and diverse influences. Historically, Sindhi artisans’ work was valued in ancient markets from Damascus to Cairo. Innovations like the spinning wheel and treadle loom in Sindh advanced textile production, producing refined fabrics admired for their quality and color.
Non-governmental organizations, such as the World Wildlife Fund, play a crucial role in promoting and preserving Sindhi culture. They support local artisans, particularly women, through training and commercial opportunities under initiatives like “Crafts Forever.” The celebration of Sindhi Topi Day on December 6, which involves wearing traditional Ajrak and Sindhi topi, highlights the cultural pride and efforts to maintain historical traditions.
Tourism
Sindh boasts a variety of significant tourist attractions, combining historical, architectural, and natural sites. The province is home to the ancient ruins of Mohenjo-daro, a prominent site of the Indus Valley Civilization. Islamic and colonial architecture also adds to its historical richness.
Key tourist sites include:
- Mohenjo-daro: Excavated ruins of an ancient city near Larkana.
- Sukkur Bridge: A historical bridge offering scenic views.
- Gorakh Hill Station: A popular hill station in Dadu with stunning landscapes.
- Faiz Mahal: A grand palace in Khairpur known for its architectural beauty.
- Ranikot Fort: One of the world’s largest forts, located in Thana Bula Khan.
- Chaukhandi Tombs: Historical tombs in Karachi with unique architecture.
- Bhodesar Jain Temple: Remains of a 9th-century Jain temple near Nagarparkar.
- Karachi Beach: A popular destination for relaxation and recreation.
- Qasim Fort: Historical fort on Manora Island, Karachi.
- Kot Diji: Ancient fortifications in Khairpur.
- Bakri Waro Lake: A serene lake in Khairpur.
- National Museum of Pakistan: Located in Karachi, showcasing historical artifacts.
- Kirthar National Park: A park in Jamshoro offering diverse wildlife and landscapes.
Tourism in Sindh offers a remarkable journey through time, culture, and nature, making it a destination that captivates the heart and mind. From the ancient ruins of Mohenjo-Daro to the lively streets of Karachi, Sindh is a treasure trove of historical landmarks, vibrant traditions, and natural wonders.